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Sumanta Sarkhel
Associate Professor
sarkhel[at]ph.iitr.ac.in
+91-1332-284817
https://allsky.iitr.ac.in/
Research Interests

Biosketch
Educational Details
Professional Background

Research
Projects
Publications
Patents
Books
Collaborations

Honours and Awards
Honors
Memberships

Teaching Engagements
Teaching Engagements

Students
Supervisions
Associate Scholars

Miscellaneous
Events
Visits
Administrative Positions
Miscellaneous
Research Interests
Space Physics: Ionosphere, Sodium Airglow, Mesospheric Chemistry and Dynamics, Atmospheric Gravity Waves, Optical Instruments: Active and Passive Remote Sensing, Airglow Photometer, Airglow Imager, Airglow Spectrometer, Sodium Lidar, Image Analyses: Allsky Imager, Optical and Thermal Image Processing, Planetary Science: Investigation of the Atmosphere of Venus and Mars.
BioSketch
Educational Details
Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India (Degree awarded by Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, India)
2011
Ph.D., Atmospheric and Space Physics
Visva Bharati University, Santiniketan, India
2005
M.Sc., Physics
Visva Bharati University, Santiniketan, India
2003
B.Sc. (Hons.), Physics with Chemistry and Mathematics
Professional Background
Associate Professor
18 Mar 2021 - Present
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India
Assistant Professor
11 Aug 2014 - 17 Mar 2021
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India
Post Doctoral Researcher
15 Apr 2014 - 30 Jun 2014
Korea Polar Research Institute, South Korea
Visiting Scientist
17 May 2011 - 05 Feb 2014
Arecibo Observatory, Puerto Rico, USA
Research Associate
01 Jul 2013 - 05 Feb 2014
The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, USA
Post-Doctoral Fellow
18 May 2011 - 01 Jul 2013
The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, USA
Post Doctoral Fellow
14 Oct 2010 - 15 May 2011
Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India
Research
Projects
TOPIC START DATE FIELD DESCRIPTION FINANCIAL OUTLAY FUNDING AGENCY OTHER OFFICERS
Investigation of Upper Atmosphere using Airglow Imaging Techniques 30 Mar 2017 Atmospheric and Space Physics 74.5 Lacs Science and Engineering Research Board, DST
Thermospheric Radiative Emissions 01 Jan 2018 Atmospheric and Space Physics 39.79 Science and Engineering Research Board, DST
Investigation and characterization of ionospheric plasma using Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning 15 Mar 2022 Atmospheric and Space Physics 29.99 Lakhs Science and Engineering Research Board, DST
4. Predictive modeling of mesospheric and thermospheric radiative cooling by CO, and NO: A machine learning approach 20 Feb 2024 Atmospheric and Space Physics 28.33 Lacs Science and Engineering Research Board




Publications

Sumanta Sarkhel, Ph.D. (h-index: 11)

Scopus Author ID: 22981859800

Google Scholar Citation Page: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=UotPqsMAAAAJ&hl=en

ResearchGate Profile: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sumanta-Sarkhel

ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5980-2612

 

Publications in Refereed Conferences/Journals:

43. Evidence of potential thermospheric overcooling during the May 2024 geomagnetic superstorm, A. K. Ranjan, D. Nailwal, M. V. Sunil Krishna, A. Kumar, & S. Sarkhel, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 129, e2024JA033148, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JA033148

42. Investigation on the impact of solar flares on the Martian atmospheric emissions in the dayside near-terminator region: Case studies, L. Ram, R. Sharma, D. Rout, R. Rathi, S. Sarkhel*, Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 129, e2024JE008315, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JE008315

41. A Rare Simultaneous Detection of a Mid-Latitude Plasma Depleted Structure in O(1D) 630.0 and O(1S) 557.7 nm All-Sky Airglow Images on a Geomagnetically Quiet Night, D. Patgiri, R. Rathi, V. Yadav, D. Chakrabarty, M. V. Sunil Krishna, S. Kannaujiya, P. Pavan Chaitanya, A. K. Patra, Jann-Yenq Liu, S. Sarkhel*, Geophysical Research Letters, 51, e2023GL106900, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL106900

40. Seasonal variation in nighttime NO radiative cooling as observed by TIMED/SABER in lower thermosphere during solar maximum and solar minimum, A. K. Ranjan, M.V. Sunil Krishna, A. Kumar, D. Nailwal, S. Sarkhel, Advances in Space Research, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2024.06.040

39. Editorial: Advances in mesosphere and thermosphere dynamics, A. Guharay, S. Sarkhel, and I. Paulino, Front. Astron. Space Sci, 11:1418420, 2024. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2024.1418420

38. Influence of temperature changes and vertically transported trace species on the structure of MLT region during major SSW events, A. Kumar, M.V. Sunil Krishna, A. K. Ranjan, S. Bender, M. Sinnhuber, S. Sarkhel, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys., 259, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2024.106243

37. Optimizing deep learning inference at the edge for accurate detection of ionospheric plasma structures from all-sky airglow images, S. Chakrabarti, D. Patgiri, R. Rathi, G. Dixit*, M. V. Sunil Krishna, S. Sarkhel*, Advances in Space Research, 73, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2024.03.014

36. A case study on multiple self-interactions of MSTID bands: New insights, D. Patgiri, R. Rathi, V. Yadav, S. Sarkhel*, D. Chakrabarty, S. Mondal, M. V. Sunil Krishna, A. K. Upadhayaya, C. G. Vivek, S. Kannaujiya, S. Sunda, Advances in Space Research, 73, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2023.05.047

35. A case study of mesospheric frontal interaction and associated processes over the western Himalaya, S. Mondal*, A. Guharay*, S. Sarkhel*, M.V. Sunil Krishna, Martin G. Mlynczak, Advances in Space Research, 73, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2023.05.019

34. Unusual simultaneous manifestation of three non-interacting mid-latitude ionospheric plasma structures, R. Rathi, P. Gurram, S. Mondal, V. Yadav, S. Sarkhel*, M.V. Sunil Krishna, A. K. Upadhayaya, Advances in Space Research, 73, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2023.04.038

33. Martian M2 peak behavior in the dayside near-terminator ionosphere during interplanetary coronal mass ejections, L. Ram, D. Rout, R. Rathi, P. Withers, S. Sarkhel*, Icarus, 408, 115857, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2023.115857

32. NO radiative cooling and ionospheric response to the HILDCAA events following geomagnetic storms, A. K. Ranjan, M. V. Sunil Krishna, A. Kumar, S. Sarkhel, D. Chakrabarty, & G. D. Reeves, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 128, e2023JA032028, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JA032028

31. Signature of Y-forking in ionogram traces observed at low-mid latitude Indian station, New Delhi, during the earthquake events of 2020: ionosonde observations, A. Bhardwaj, A. Gupta, Q. Ahmed, A. Singh, S. Gupta, S. Sarkhel, M.V. Sunil Krishna, D. Pallamraju, T. Pant and A.K. Upadhayaya, Front. Astron. Space Sci., 10:1170288, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2023.1170288

30. A comparison of the impacts of CMEs and CIRs on the Martian dayside and nightside ionospheric species, L. Ram, D. Rout, R. Rathi, S. Mondal, S. Sarkhel*, J. Halekas, Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, e2022JE007649, 128, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JE007649.

29. Aspects related to variability of radiative cooling by NO in lower thermosphere, TEC and O/N2 correlation, and diffusion of NO into mesosphere during the Halloween storms, Alok Kumar Ranjan, M.V. Sunil Krishna, Akash Kumar, S. Sarkhel, Gaurav Bharti, Stefan Bender, Miriam Sinnhuber, Advances in Space Research, 71, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2022.07.035

28. A case study on the interaction between MSTIDs’ fronts, their dissipation and a curious case of MSTID’s rotation over geomagnetic low-mid latitude transition region, R. Rathi, V. Yadav, S. Mondal, S. Sarkhel*, M. V. Sunil Krishna, A. K. Upadhayaya, S. Kannaujiya, P. Chauhan, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 127, e2021JA029872, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JA029872

27. A case study of a ducted gravity wave event over northern Germany using simultaneous airglow imaging and wind-field observations, S. Sarkhel*, Gunter Stober, Jorge L. Chau, S. M. Smith, C. Jacobi, S. Mondal, Martin G. Mlynczak, and James M. Russell III, Annales Geophysicae, 40, 179–190, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-179-2022

26. Signature of a mesospheric bore in 557.7 nm airglow emission using all-sky imager at Hanle (32.7oN, 78.9oE), A. Guharay*, S. Mondal, S. Sarkhel*, M. Sivakandan, M. V. Sunil Krishna, Advances in Space Research, 69, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2021.12.006

25. Evidence for the in-situ generation of plasma depletion structures over the transition region of geomagnetic low-mid latitude, M. Sivakandan, S. Mondal, S. Sarkhel*, D. Chakrabarty, M. V. Sunil Krishna, A. K. Upadhayaya, A. Shinbori, T. Sori, S. Kannaujiya, and P. K. Champati Ray, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 126, e2020JA028837, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JA028837

24. A case study of a thermally ducted undular mesospheric bore accompanied by ripples over the western Himalayan region, S. Mondal, M. Sivakandan, S. Sarkhel*, M. V. Sunil Krishna, Martin G. Mlynczak, James M. Russell III, and G. Bharti, Advances in Space Research, 68, 1425-1440, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2021.03.026

23. Interaction between nighttime MSTID and mid-latitude field-aligned plasma depletion over the transition region of geomagnetic low-mid latitude: First results from Hanle, India; V. Yadav, R. Rathi, G. Gaur, S. Sarkhel*, D. Chakrabarty, M. V. Sunil Krishna, P. Pavan Chaitanya, A. K. Patra, R. K. Choudhary, T. K. Pant, A. K. Upadhayaya, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 217, 105589, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2021.105589

22. Evidence for simultaneous occurrence of periodic and single dark band MSTIDs over geomagnetic low-mid latitude transition region; R. Rathi, V. Yadav, S. Mondal, S. Sarkhel*, M. V. Sunil Krishna, A. K. Upadhayaya, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 215, 105588, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2021.105588

21. Multi-Instrument Observations of MSTIDs: 1. ISR and GPS TEC Results; Ross Dinsmore, J. D. Mathews, Anthea Coster, R. M. Robinson, S. Sarkhel, Philip J. Erickson, Julio Urbina, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 213, 105515, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2020.105515

20. A unique case of complex interaction between MSTIDs and mid-latitude field-aligned plasma depletions over geomagnetic low-mid latitude transition region; V. Yadav, R. Rathi, S. Sarkhel*, D. Chakrabarty, M. V. Sunil Krishna, A. K. Upadhayaya, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 126, e2020JA028620, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JA028620

19. Mid-latitude Spread-F structures over the geomagnetic low-mid latitude transition region: An observational evidence; M. Sivakandan, S. Mondal, S. Sarkhel*, D. Chakrabarty, M. V. Sunil Krishna, P. Pavan Chaitanya, A. K. Patra, R. K. Choudhary, T. K. Pant, A. K. Upadhayaya, T. Sori., Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 125, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA027531

18. Investigation of spatio-temporal morphology of plasma bubbles based on EAR observations; L.M. Joshi, L.–.C. Tsai, S.–.Y. Su, Y. Otsuka, T. Yokoyama, M. Yamamoto, S. Sarkhel, K. Hozumi, C.–.H. Lu, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 124, 10549–10563, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA026839

17. Allsky Airglow Imaging Observation from Hanle, Leh Ladakh, India: Image Analyses and First Results; S. Mondal, A. Srivastava, V. Yadav, S. Sarkhel*, M. V. Sunil Krishna, Yamini K. Rao, Vir Singh, Advances in Space Research, 64, 1926-1939, 2019.   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2019.05.047

16. On the long lasting "C-type" structures in the sodium lidargram: The lifetime of Kelvin- Helmholtz billows in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere region; S. Mondal, S. Sarkhel*, Jay Agarwal, D. Chakrabarty, R. Sekar, Tao Yuan, Xuguang Cai, Alan Z. Liu, Satonori Nozawa, Norihito Saito, Takuya D. Kawahara, Martin G. Mlynczak, James M. Russell III, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 124, 3110–3124, 2019.  https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA026630

15. A Review on the Upper Atmospheric Sodium Observations from India: Insights; S. Sarkhel*, S. Mondal, R Sekar, D. Chakrabarty, and S. Sridharan, Advances in Space Research, 63, 3568-3585, 2019.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2019.02.019

14. Multi-Instrument Observations of MSTIDs and Source Determination; Ross Dinsmore, J. D. Mathews, Anthea Coster, and S. Sarkhel, 2nd URSI Atlantic Radio Science Meeting (AT-RASC), Gran Canaria, Spain, 2018, pp. 1-4., IEEE Xplore, 2018. https://doi.org/10.23919/URSI-AT-RASC.2018.8471550

13. The ionospheric impact of a CME driven sheath region over Indian and American sectors in the absence of a typical geomagnetic storm; Diptiranjan Rout, D. Chakrabarty, S. Sarkhel, R. Sekar, B. G. Fejer, G. D. Reeves, Atul S. Kulkarni, Nestor Aponte, Mike Sulzer, John D. Mathews, Robert B. Kerr, and John Noto, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 123, 4298–4308, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA025334

12. Erratum to: Dependence of mesospheric Na and Fe distributions on electron density at Arecibo; Shikha Raizada, Craig Tepley, Qihou Zhou, S. Sarkhel, John Mathews, Nestor Aponte, Ilgin Seker, Robert Kerr, Edvier Cabassa, Earth Planets Space, 67:202, 2015.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-015-0371-3

11. Dependence of mesospheric Na and Fe distributions on electron density at Arecibo; Shikha Raizada, Craig Tepley, Qihou Zhou, S. Sarkhel, John Mathews, Nestor Aponte, Ilgin Seker, Robert Kerr, Edvier Cabassa, Earth Planets Space, 67:146, 2015.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-015-0322-z

10. Erratum to: A case study on occurrence of an unusual structure in the sodium layer over Gadanki, India; S. Sarkhel*, Mathews JD, Shikha R, Ramanathan S, Dibyendu C, Amitava G, Geonhwa J, Jeong-Han K, Kerr RB, Geetha R, Sundararajan S, Qian W, Mlynczak MG, Russell JM, Earth Planets Space, 67:145, 2015.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-015-0276-1

9. A case study on occurrence of an unusual structure in the sodium layer over Gadanki, India; S. Sarkhel*, John D. Mathews, Shikha Raizada, R Sekar, D. Chakrabarty, A. Guharay, Geonhwa Jee, Jeong-Han Kim, Robert B. Kerr, Geetha Ramkumar, S. Sridharan, Qian Wu, Martin G. Mlynczak, and James M. Russell III, Earth, Planets and Space, 67:19, 2015.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-015-0183-5

8. Investigation of the intraseasonal oscillations over a Brazilian equatorial station: a case study; A Guharay, P. P. Batista, B. R. Clemesha, S. Sarkhel, and R. A. Buriti, Earth, Planets and Space, 66:145, 2014.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-014-0145-3

7. Response of the extra-tropical middle atmosphere to the September 2002 major stratospheric sudden warming; A. Guharay, P. P. Batista, B. R. Clemesha, S. Sarkhel, Adv. Space Res., 53, 257-265, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2013.11.002

6. On the variability of the terdiurnal tide over a Brazilian equatorial station using meteor radar observations; A. Guharay, P. P. Batista, B. R. Clemesha, S. Sarkhel, R. A. Buriti, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 104, 87-95, 2013.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2013.08.021

5. Identification of large scale billows-like structure in the neutral Na layer over Arecibo, S. Sarkhel*, S. Raizada, J. D. Mathews, S. M. Smith, C. A. Tepley, F. J. Rivera, S. A. Gonzalez, J. Geophys. Res., 117, A10301, 2012.  https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JA017891

4. Investigation on Mesospheric Gravity Waves over Indian Low Latitude Stations using Sodium Airglow Observations and A Few Case Studies Based on Thermal and Wind Structures; S. Sarkhel*, R. Sekar, D. Chakrabarty, and A. Guharay, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 86, 41-50, 2012.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2012.06.008

3. A Case Study on the Possible Altitude-Dependent Effects of Collisions on Sodium Airglow Emission; S. Sarkhel*, R. Sekar, D. Chakrabarty, and S. Sridharan, J. Geophys. Res., 115, A10306, 2010.  https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JA015251

2. Simultaneous sodium airglow and lidar measurements over India: a case study; S. Sarkhel*, R. Sekar, D. Chakrabarty, R. Narayanan, and S. Sridharan, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A10317, 2009.  https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JA014379

1. Identifications of active fossil bubbles based on coordinated VHF radar and airglow measurements; R. Sekar, D. Chakrabarty, S. Sarkhel, A. K. Patra, C. V. Devasia and M. C. Kelley, Ann. Geophys., 25, 2099-2102, 2007. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-25-2099-2007

 

Honors And Awards
Honors
Indian Space Research Organisation
2010
Second Prize in NSSS 2010
MemberShips
Astronomical Society of India
01 Nov 2022 - Present
Life Member
Teaching Engagements
Teaching Engagements
Physics of Earth's Atmosphere ( PHN-512 )
Spring
Plasma Physics ( PH-301 )
Autumn
Electromagnetic Theory ( PHN-008 )
Spring
Plasma Physics ( PHN-301 )
Autumn
Space Science and Technology ( IPH-304 )
Spring
Mechanics ( PHN-001 )
Autumn
Space Science and Technology ( IPH-304 )
Spring
Advanced in Atmospheric Physics ( PHN-603 )
Autumn
Weather Forecasting ( PHN-629 )
Spring
Advanced in Atmospheric Physics ( PHN-603 )
Autumn
Numerical Analysis and Computational Physics ( PHN-311 )
Autumn
Numerical Analysis and Computational Techniques ( PHN-701 )
Autumn
Students
SuperVisions
Investigation of Terrestrial Upper Atmosphere using Optical Techniques
25 Dec 2016 - 28 Oct 2021
Other Supervisors: , Scholar: Subarna Mondal
Investigation of ionospheric F-region plasma > irregularities using airglow imaging technique
29 Dec 2018 - 14 Mar 2024
Other Supervisors: , Scholar: Rahul Rathi
Investigation of the Martian atmosphere using remote sensing and in-situ measurements
30 Dec 2019 - Present
Other Supervisors: , Scholar: Lot Ram
Investigation of ionospheric plasma using optical and radio techniques
02 Feb 2021 - Present
Other Supervisors: , Scholar: Dipjyoti Patgiri
Investigation of Martian Atmospheric Species during Internal and External Forcings
18 Jul 2022 - Present
Other Supervisors: , Scholar: Aadarsh Raj Sharma
Probing The Dusty Torus in Active Galactic Nuclei
18 Jul 2023 - Present
Other Supervisors: Joint-Supervision with Dr. Suvendu Rakshit, ARIES, Nainital, Scholar: Ashutosh Tomar
TBD
18 Jul 2023 - Present
Other Supervisors: , Scholar: Jeevan Upadhyaya
TBD
15 Jul 2023 - Present
Other Supervisors: Joint-Supervision with Dr. Manish Naja, ARIES, Nainital, Scholar: Mukesh Kumar
TBD
11 Jul 2024 - Present
Other Supervisors: , Scholar: Mehta Harsh Jayeshkumar
Miscellaneous
Events
Upper atmospheric investigation using active and passive remote sensing techniques
01 Jan 2014 - Present
20th National Space Science Symposium (NSSS) (NSSS-2019)
01 Jan 2019 - Present
ISRO
Physics in the Upper Atmosphere (Active and Passive Remote Sensing Techniques)
01 Jan 2014 - Present
15th International Symposium on Equatorial Aeronomy (ISEA-15)
01 Jan 2018 - Present
ISRO, NASA
Symposium on Vision & Explorations for Planetary Sciences in Decades 2020-2060 Brain Storming Sessio
01 Jan 2017 - Present
ISRO
MOM Data Analysis Workshop
01 Jan 2015 - Present
ISRO
Physics in the Upper Atmosphere (Understanding the origin of unusual phenomena using active.....)
01 Jan 2015 - Present
KSSS Spring Meeting, 2014
01 Jan 2014 - Present
Korea Space Science
CEDAR 2012
01 Jan 2012 - Present
CEDAR
AGU Fall Meeting 2013
01 Jan 2013 - Present
American Geophysical Union
Does Meteoric Metals Exist in the Martian Atmosphere?
01 Jan 2016 - Present
AGU Fall Meeting 2011
01 Jan 2011 - Present
American Geophysical Union
Research in the Upper Atmosphere using Optical Remote Sensing Techniques
01 Jan 2019 - Present
COSPAR Scientific Assembly 2010
01 Jan 2010 - Present
COSPAR
Asia Oceania Geosciences Society 2010
01 Jan 2010 - Present
Asia Oceania Geosciences Society
16th National Space Science Symposium (NSSS 2010)
01 Jan 2010 - Present
Indian Space Research Organisation
15th National Space Science Symposium (NSSS 2008)
01 Jan 2008 - Present
Indian Space Research Organisation
International School on Atmospheric Radar 2006
01 Jan 2006 - Present
National Central University, Taiwan
Visits
Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, China
2019-01-01
Collaborative Research Work
Leibniz-Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Germany
2017-01-01
Collaborative Research Work
Administrative Positions
Faculty Advisor
01 Jul 2020 - 31 Jul 2022
Department of Physics, IIT Roorkee
Examination Coordinator
01 Jul 2019 - 30 Jun 2020
Department of Physics
M.Sc. & Int. M.Sc. Coordinator
01 Jul 2018 - 30 Jun 2019
Department of Physics
O.C
01 Jan 2016 - 31 Jul 2022
Atmospheric Physics Laboratory
Member
01 Jan 2016 - Present
Reports & Website Committee
Deputy O.C
01 Jan 2014 - 01 Jan 2016
Atmospheric Physics Laboratory